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  Public Policy Brief No. 34

  Safeguarding Social Security

  The falling ratio of workers to retirees in the United States has raised concerns about Social Security’s ability to continue to provide a base level of support for all retired workers and to remain in balance with all of government’s other fiscal obligations. Of alternative plans that have been proposed to safeguard the system, Walter […]
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  Public Policy Brief Highlight No. 34

  Safeguarding Social Security

  The falling ratio of workers to retirees in the United States has raised concerns about Social Security’s ability to continue to provide a base level of support for all retired workers and to remain in balance with all of government’s other fiscal obligations. Of alternative plans that have been proposed to safeguard the system, Walter […]
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  Public Policy Brief Highlight No. 33

  Is There a Trade-Off between Unemployment and Inequality?

  Rebecca M. Blank considers how the flexibility of American labor markets and the regulation and redistribution policies of European labor markets may determine employers’ responses to worldwide economic transformations that result in increasing wage disparity in the United States and continuing high unemployment in Europe. She suggests that since the transformations will undoubtedly continue, governments […]
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  Public Policy Brief No. 33

  Is There a Trade-Off between Unemployment and Inequality?

  Rebecca M. Blank considers how the flexibility of American labor markets and the regulation and redistribution policies of European labor markets may determine employers’ responses to worldwide economic transformations that result in increasing wage disparity in the United States and continuing high unemployment in Europe. She suggests that since the transformations will undoubtedly continue, governments […]
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  Public Policy Brief No. 32

  What’s Missing from the Capital Gains Debate?

  The recent enactment of a capital gains tax cut resulted, according to the authors, from the absence of a true appreciation or consideration of the real beneficiaries of such a cut, its probable actual effects, the distinction between productive and nonproductive sources of capital gains (two-thirds of capital gains accrue to real estate, which is […]
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  Public Policy Brief Highlight No. 32

  What’s Missing from the Capital Gains Debate?

  The recent enactment of a capital gains tax cut resulted, according to the authors, from the absence of a true appreciation or consideration of the real beneficiaries of such a cut, its probable actual effects, the distinction between productive and nonproductive sources of capital gains (two-thirds of capital gains accrue to real estate, which is […]
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  Working Paper No. 207

  Reasserting the Role of Keynesian Policies for the New Millennium

  In this paper, Philip Arestis, of the University of East London, and Visiting Scholar Malcolm Sawyer, of the University of Leeds, assert the need for revived and revised Keynesian policies to secure full employment. They do not support “fine tuning,” but argue for a medium-term approach that includes both demand-side and supply-side strategies. Their approach […]
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  Working Paper No. 206

  Are Good Jobs Flying Away?

  Aerospace, once the "crown jewel" of American manufacturing, is experiencing a structural decline characterized by a narrowing of the industry trade surplus, an increase in the foreign content of commercial aircraft and engines, a greater role for foreign companies in research and development, and a loss of "good jobs." Employment in aircraft engine manufacturing peaked […]
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  Working Paper No. 205

  Macroeconomics without Equilibrium or Disequilibrium

  Distinguished Scholar Wynne Godley creates a numerical simulation model that attempts a synthesis between the monetary theory of Hicks and Kaldor, the asset allocation theory of James Tobin, and the Keynesian theory of income and output determination. Methodologically, it substitutes Walrasian rigor for the usual narrative exposition used by post-Keynesian writers—and indeed, by Keynes himself—before […]
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  Working Paper No. 204

  The Growth in Work Time and the Implications for Macro Policy

  In May 1997, the official unemployment rate was 4.8 percent—the lowest in 24 years. Not long ago, most economists would have considered such an unemployment record impossible to achieve without igniting a cycle of wage-led inflation. Yet, in the first quarter of 1997 prices rose at only a 1.8 percent annual rate; some regional labor […]
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  Working Paper No. 203

  The NAIRU

  The nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment, or NAIRU, has acquired a central role in macroeconomic theory. Fear of inflation has led to a reluctance to allow the unemployment rate to fall below the estimated NAIRU. If so much weight is going to be placed on an estimate of a theoretical variable, it is extremely important […]
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  Working Paper No. 202

  Aggregate Demand, Investment, and the NAIRU

  The nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment, or NAIRU, is generally viewed as a supply-side-determined, short-run equilibrium rate of unemployment. In most NAIRU models, aggregate demand plays no essential role in determining equilibrium unemployment. However, Visiting Scholar Malcolm Sawyer demonstrates that the relationship between the real wage and employment (often mistakenly called labor demand) cannot be […]