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Research Program: Gender Equality and the Economy

98 publications found, searching for 'Gender Equality and the Economy '

  • Working Paper No. 1083 June 26, 2025

    Integrating the Social Reproduction of Labor into Macroeconomic Theory: Unpaid Caregiving and Productivity in Paid Production

    Mark Setterfield
    Abstract

    The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the integration of unpaid caregiving in the household into short- and long-term macroeconomic theory and, in particular, the theoretical structure of production on the supply side of the economy. The ambition of the project is to furnish a general theoretical representation of how unpaid caregiving and […]

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  • Research Project Report May 20, 2025

    Investing in Early Childhood Education and Care Services in Jordan

    İpek Ilkkaracan, Ayse Aylin Bayar, Luiza Nassif Pires, Thomas Masterson, and Ajit Zacharias
    Abstract

    Written in October 2022, through a collaboration between Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and the Levy Economics Institute in New York by Ipek Ilkkaracan (ITU), Ayse Aylin Bayar (ITU), Luiza Nassif Pires (Levy), Tom Masterson (Levy), and Ajit Zacharias (Levy). We are grateful to Hazar Asfoura from UN Women Jordan for her careful readings of various […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1081 April 21, 2025

    The Rise and Rise of Feminist Macroeconomics: Who’s Recognizing?

    Günseli Berik, and Ebru Kongar
    Abstract

    Macroeconomics is arguably the most male-dominated field within the discipline of economics. Since the mid-1990s, feminist economists have thoroughly and meticulously challenged this field through empirical and theoretical analyses and proposed alternative starting points, frameworks, and models. We evaluate the contributions of five scholars—Nilüfer Çağatay, Diane Elson, Caren Grown, Stephanie Seguino, and Elissa Braunstein—who have […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1056 October 07, 2024

    Federal Tax Transfers and Demographic Transition: Balancing Equity and Efficiency

    Lekha S. Chakraborty, and Yadawendra Singh
    Abstract

    Against the backdrop of demographic transition in India, the study highlights the necessity of integrating the elderly population as a critical factor in formula-based intergovernmental fiscal transfers. The demographic transition, characterized by an increasing elderly population, imposes unique fiscal challenges on states, necessitating a revision of transfer formulas to ensure equitable and efficient resource distribution. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1054 June 28, 2024

    Gender-Responsive Public Financial Management: The Indian Chronology of Gender Budgeting

    Lekha S. Chakraborty
    Abstract

    Gender budgeting is a public financial management (PFM) tool, used to ensure accountability mechanisms. The analysis of “process” indicators of gender-responsive PFM (GRPFM) reveals that India has been successful in integrating a gender lens within the budget cycle, including in the financial planning and allocation, and in effective implementation. However, a legally mandated GRPFM would […]

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  • Research Project Report March 19, 2024

    Integrating Nonmarket Consumption into the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey

    Ajit Zacharias, Fernando Rios-Avila, Nancy Folbre, and Thomas Masterson
    Abstract

    In spring 2021, under the direction and encouragement of Commissioner William Beach, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) kicked off a major initiative—to produce a measure of consumption to supplement the release of consumer expenditures. The production of such a measure would fill a data gap regarding household economic well-being. For years BLS staff, […]

  • Working Paper No. 1045 March 07, 2024

    Social Security and Gender Inequality

    Liudmila Malyshava, and B. Oak McCoy
    Abstract

    This inquiry examines the role of federal policy in gender inequality using the principles of institutional adjustment (Foster 1981; Bush 1987) in the context of the Veblenian dichotomy of habit formation. Specifically, the authors assert that Social Security, though exclusive at its inception in 1935, has undergone significant institutional adjustment. Today, Social Security plays a […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1041 February 02, 2024

    Amazon Green Recovery and Labor Market in Brazil

    Luiza Nassif Pires, Gilberto Tadeu Lima, Pedro Romero Marques, Tainari Taioka, and José Bergamin
    Abstract

    Announced in June 2021, the never-implemented Green Recovery Plan for the Brazilian Legal Amazon Region (GRP) would be a green transition initiative to be carried out by the state governments of the region. The GRP represented the first large-scale proposal aiming at the transition to a low-carbon economy in Brazil and offered a preliminary framework […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1027 August 07, 2023

    Structural Change and Gender Sectoral Segregation in Sub-Saharan Africa

    Izaskun Zuazu
    Abstract

    Structural change has long been at the core of economic development debates. However, the gender implications of structural change are still largely unexplored. This paper helps to fill this gap by analyzing the role of structural change in the gender distribution of sectoral employment in sub-Saharan African countries. I employ aggregate and disaggregate measures of […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1016 February 23, 2023

    Monetary Policy and the Gender and Racial Employment Dynamics in Brazil

    Patricia Couto, and Clara Brenck
    Abstract

    Monetary policy has been historically concerned with controlling inflation, using the interest rate as its main tool. However, such policies are not gender- or race-neutral. This paper explores econometrically the effect of changes in the interest rate for female and black employment creation in Brazil. We conduct a panel data fixed effects analysis for 13 […]

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  • Working Paper No. 1009 August 08, 2022

    Efficacy of Public Financial Management in Reducing Crime against Children

    Lekha S. Chakraborty
    Abstract

    Public financial management (PFM) has a significant role in linking resources to results by financing human development outcomes. When economic stimulus packages are short run in nature, thematic PFM, such as child budgeting, has a crucial role in reducing crime against children. Using fixed effects models, we explore the determinants of reduced crime against children. […]

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  • Research Project Report June 30, 2022

    Assessing the Impact of Childcare Expansion in Mexico

    Rania Antonopoulos, Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, Fernando Rios-Avila, and Luiza Nassif Pires
    Abstract

    There is broad consensus in both research and policy circles that one of the key reasons for a lack of progress in reducing gender gaps in employment and wages is the persistent gender imbalance in unpaid work, three-quarters of which is performed by women. Universal access to quality care services enables the reduction of this […]

    Download Research Project Report, June 2022 PDF (1.25 MB)
  • Working Paper No. 983 February 05, 2021

    Intrahousehold Allocation of Household Production

    Fernando Rios-Avila, Luiza Nassif Pires, and Abena D. Oduro
    Abstract

    In this working paper, we analyze factors that may explain gender differences in the allocation of time to household production in sub-Saharan Africa. The study uses time use survey data to analyze the determinants of time spent on household production by husbands and wives in nuclear families in Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, and South Africa. We […]

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  • Working Paper No. 978 November 16, 2020

    Potential Impact of Daycare Closures on Parental Child Caregiving in Turkey

    Ebru Kongar, and Emel Memiş
    Abstract

    Daycares closed on March 16, 2020 in Turkey to prevent the spread of COVID-19. At the same time, the two most common nonparental childcare arrangements in Turkey—care of children by grandparents and nannies—became undesirable due to health concerns and in some cases also unfeasible due to the partial lockdown for individuals under the age of […]

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  • Working Paper No. 966 August 03, 2020

    Developing a Macro-Micro Model for Analyzing Gender Impacts of Public Policy

    Susan Himmelweit, and Jerome De Henau
    Abstract

    This paper discusses new methods of combined macro-micro analysis of labor demand and supply to investigate the gender impacts of public policy. In particular it examines how studies have used input-output analysis together with more or less sophisticated methods of allocating people to jobs to model the impact of public investment in care on the […]

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  • Working Paper No. 959 June 25, 2020

    Distribution and Gender Effects on the Path of Economic Growth

    Ruth Badru
    Abstract

    This paper applies a robust empirical methodology, which considers issues relating to cross-country heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, to inspect the contributions of gender equality and factor income distribution to an economy’s growth path. A dynamic model of aggregate demand is estimated on a unique panel dataset from 46 countries that are further grouped into developed […]

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  • Policy Notes No. 3 April 20, 2020

    Immigration Policy Undermines the US Pandemic Response

    Martha Tepepa
    Abstract

    Research Scholar Martha Tepepa explains how the US response to the COVID-19 crisis will be hindered by its approach to immigration policy. The administration’s “zero tolerance” immigration campaign creates a public health risk in the context of this pandemic, and the recent implementation of the “Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds” final rule penalizing noncitizen recipients […]

    Download Policy Note 2020/3 PDF (118.61 KB)
  • Public Policy Brief No. 149 April 14, 2020

    Pandemic of Inequality

    Thomas Masterson, Michalis Nikiforos, Fernando Rios-Avila, Luiza Nassif Pires, and Laura de Lima Xavier
    Abstract

    The costs of the COVID-19 pandemic—in terms of both the health risks and economic burdens—will be borne disproportionately by the most vulnerable segments of US society. In this public policy brief, Luiza Nassif-Pires, Laura de Lima Xavier, Thomas Masterson, Michalis Nikiforos, and Fernando Rios-Avila demonstrate that the COVID-19 crisis is likely to widen already-worrisome levels […]

    Download Public Policy Brief No. 149, 2020 PDF (539.32 KB)
  • Working Paper No. 950 April 08, 2020

    Public Charge in the Time of Coronavirus

    Martha Tepepa
    Abstract

    The United States government recently passed legislation and stabilization packages to respond to the COVID-19 (i.e., coronavirus disease 2019) outbreak by providing paid sick leave, tax credits, and free virus testing; expanding food assistance and unemployment benefits; and increasing Medicaid funding. However, the response to the global pandemic might be hindered by the lassitude of […]

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  • Working Paper No. 939 October 18, 2019

    The Macroeconomic Loss Due to Violence against Women and Girls

    Kijong Kim, Srinivas Raghavendra, Sinead Ashe, Mrinal Chadha, Felix Asante, Petri T. Piiroinen, and Nata Duvvury
    Abstract

    Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a widely recognized human rights violation with serious consequences for the health and well-being of women and their families. However, the wider ramifications of VAWG for businesses, communities, economies, and societies are only recently being recognized. Despite this recognition, there are few studies exploring how the economic and social […]

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  • Research Project Report April 01, 2019

    Investing in Early Childhood Education and Care in Kyrgyz Republic

    Kijong Kim, and İpek Ilkkaracan
    Abstract

    Expansion of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services for all is a matter of the choices made regarding the allocation of public resources. As such, it is as much an issue of children’s well-being and gender equality as it is an issue of economic policy and fiscal allocation. This study—authored by Institute scholars Ipek […]

    Download Research Project Report, April 2019 PDF (348.37 KB)
  • Working Paper No. 921 January 29, 2019

    Social Policy in Mexico and Argentina

    Martha Tepepa
    Abstract

    This paper is a comparison between two programs implemented to combat poverty in Latin America: Prospera (Prosper) in Mexico and Asignación Universal por Hijo (Universal Assignment for Child) in Argentina. The first section offers a review of the emergence of the welfare state, examining economic and urban development in both countries and the underlying trends of […]

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  • Working Paper No. 920 January 17, 2019

    Macroeconomic Policy Effectiveness and Inequality

    Lekha S. Chakraborty, Marian Ingrams, and Yadawendra Singh
    Abstract

    Gender budgeting is a fiscal approach that seeks to use a country’s national and/or local budget(s) to reduce inequality and promote economic growth and equitable development. While the literature has explored the connection between reducing gender inequality and achieving growth and equitable development, more empirical analysis is needed on whether gender budgeting reduces gender inequality. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 899 January 12, 2018

    Gender Pay Gaps in the Former Soviet Union: A Review of the Evidence

    Tamar Khitarishvili
    Abstract

    The goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta-analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are […]

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Blithewood
Bard College
Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000
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The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986 through the generous support of Bard College trustee Leon Levy, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, public policy research organization. The Levy Institute is independent of any political or other affiliation, and encourages diversity of opinion in the examination of economic policy issues while striving to transform ideological arguments into informed debate.